{"id":8292,"date":"2019-02-27T09:28:42","date_gmt":"2019-02-27T09:28:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/magazine.sinosafe.com.cn\/?p=8292"},"modified":"2019-02-27T10:01:17","modified_gmt":"2019-02-27T10:01:17","slug":"%e9%a3%8e%e8%8c%83%e4%be%9d%e6%97%a7%ef%bc%9a%e4%b8%8a%e6%b5%b7%e6%bb%a9%e5%b1%b9%e7%ab%8b%e7%9a%84%e6%b0%91%e5%9b%bd%e4%bf%9d%e9%99%a9%e5%a4%a7%e5%8e%a6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/magazine.sinosafe.com.cn\/?p=8292","title":{"rendered":"\u98ce\u8303\u4f9d\u65e7\uff1a\u4e0a\u6d77\u6ee9\u5c79\u7acb\u7684\u6c11\u56fd\u4fdd\u9669\u5927\u53a6"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u9648\u56fd\u5e86\/\u5c71\u897f<\/p>\n

$\"\"$ \u5efa\u7b51\u662f\u6587\u5316\u7684\u79ef\u6dc0\uff0c\u51dd\u56fa\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u827a\u672f\u7684\u7ed3\u6676\u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u5e62\u5386\u53f2\u5efa\u7b51\u80cc\u540e\u90fd\u8574\u85cf\u7740\u4e00\u6bb5\u9c9c\u4e3a\u4eba\u77e5\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u4e8e\u827a\u672f\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u611f\u609f\u548c\u521b\u9020\u3002\u4e0a\u6d77\u6ee9\u6709\u51e0\u5ea7\u6c11\u56fd\u65e9\u671f\u5efa\u8bbe\u7684\u4fdd\u9669\u5927\u53a6\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u5c79\u7acb\u5728\u5357\u4eac\u897f\u8def\u3001\u4e2d\u5c71\u4e1c\u4e00\u8def\uff08\u5916\u6ee9\uff09\u3001\u5e7f\u4e1c\u8def\u4e00\u5e26\u3002\u8fd9\u51e0\u5ea7\u5927\u53a6\u5206\u522b\u662f\u534e\u5b89\u4fdd\u9669\u5927\u53a6\u3001\u53cb\u90a6\u4fdd\u9669\u5927\u53a6\u3001\u626c\u5b50\u4fdd\u9669\u5927\u53a6\u3001\u6c38\u5e74\u5927\u53a6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u534e\u5b89\u4fdd\u9669\u5927\u53a6<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u534e\u5b89\u5927\u697c\u3001\u534e\u4fa8\u996d\u5e97\u3001\u91d1\u95e8\u5927\u9152\u5e97\u4e09\u8005\u540c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f53\uff0c\u4f2b\u7acb\u4e8e\u4e0a\u6d77\u5e02\u5357\u4eac\u897f\u8def108\u53f7\u7684\u5a01\u6b66\u5927\u697c\uff0c\u5854\u697c\u5c16\u5c16\u9ad8\u8038\uff0c\u5f70\u663e\u610f\u5927\u5229\u5f0f\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u98ce\u5c1a\uff0c\u8fdc\u8fdc\u5c31\u80fd\u770b\u5230\u697c\u9876\u91d1\u707f\u707f\u7684\u5706\u7403\uff0c\u53c8\u4ee4\u5efa\u7b51\u7269\u591a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u50b2\u89c6\u7fa4\u96c4\u7684\u5473\u9053\u3002<\/p>\n

1911\u5e74\uff0c\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u65cf\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5f00\u521b\u4e86\u9053\u8def\u30021912\u5e74\uff0c\u5415\u5cb3\u6cc9\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u539f\u4efb\u82f1\u5546\u6c38\u5e74\u4eba\u5bff\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u5357\u4eac\u5206\u516c\u53f8\u7ecf\u7406\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u544a\u522b\u4f18\u539a\u7684\u5f85\u9047\u548c\u5df2\u6709\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u81ea\u529e\u3001\u81ea\u7ba1\u81ea\u8425\u7684\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u52df\u96c6\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c1912\u5e747\u67081\u65e5\uff0c\u534e\u5b89\u5408\u4f17\u4eba\u5bff\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u6b63\u5f0f\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u5916\u6ee9\u5f00\u4e1a\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u5f53\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u81ea\u529e\u7684\u6700\u5927\u7684\u4eba\u5bff\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u3002\u8058\u8bf7\u66fe\u4efb\u4e34\u65f6\u5927\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u9ece\u5143\u6d2a\u4e3a\u540d\u8a89\u8463\u4e8b\uff0c\u51af\u56fd\u748b\u4e3a\u8463\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u4e00\u5927\u5e2e\u519b\u653f\u8981\u4eba\u6216\u4e3a\u8463\u4e8b\uff0c\u6216\u4e3a\u80a1\u4e1c\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u4f17\u591a\u7684\u8fbe\u5b98\u5de8\u5546\u3001\u540d\u6d41\u8d24\u8fbe\u5411\u534e\u5b89\u5408\u4f17\u4eba\u5bff\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u6295\u4fdd\uff0c\u4ece\u6b64\u534e\u5b89\u540d\u58f0\u5927\u566a\u3002<\/p>\n

$\"\"$ 1922\u5e74\uff0c\u5415\u5cb3\u6cc9\u8d2d\u8fdb\u4e86\u6ce5\u57ce\u6d5c\u4ee5\u897f\uff0c\u4eca\u5357\u4eac\u897f\u8def108\u53f7\u4e00\u5e26\u7684\u571f\u573011\u4ea9\uff0c\u5174\u5efa\u201c\u534e\u5b89\u201d\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5927\u697c\u3002\u5927\u697c\u7531\u7f8e\u5546\u54c8\u6c99\u5fb7\u6d0b\u884c\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u6c5f\u88d5\u8bb0\u8425\u9020\u5382\u627f\u5efa\uff0c1924\u5e74\u5e95\u7834\u571f\u52a8\u5de5\uff0c1926\u5e745\u6708\u843d\u6210\uff0c\u516c\u53f8\u8fc1\u6b64\u8425\u4e1a\uff0c\u7f8e\u5176\u540d\u66f0\u201c\u534e\u5b89\u5927\u697c\u201d\uff0c\u5927\u697c\u5efa\u7b51\u5360\u57301973\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u5efa\u7b51\u9762\u79ef17677\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u4e5d\u5c42\u94a2\u67b6\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5c5e\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u8fd1\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u4e49\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u5efa\u7b51\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5927\u697c\u5357\u4e34\u5357\u4eac\u897f\u8def\uff0c\u4ee5\u5357\u9762\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7acb\u9762\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b63\u4e2d\u4e3a\u4e2d\u8f74\u7ebf\uff0c\u4e24\u4fa7\u5bf9\u79f0\u3002\u534e\u5b89\u5927\u697c\u539f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e95\u5c42\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5546\u94fa\u51fa\u79df\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u95e8\u7a97\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6bd4\u8f83\u5bbd\u655e\u4e0e\u5f00\u9614\uff1b\u4e8c\u5c42\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e3a\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u8425\u4e1a\u5927\u5385\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u4e2d\u8f74\u7ebf\u5e95\u5c42\u5927\u95e8\u7684\u4e24\u4fa7\u5404\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u73af\u5f62\u6276\u68af\uff0c\u5ba2\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u6276\u68af\u76f4\u63a5\u8fdb\u5165\u8425\u4e1a\u5927\u5385\u3002\u4ece\u5efa\u7b51\u529f\u80fd\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5341\u5206\u5408\u7406\uff0c\u53c8\u4e0d\u59a8\u788d\u5efa\u7b51\u5916\u89c2\uff1b\u4e09\u5c42\u81f3\u4e03\u5c42\u7684\u5916\u89c2\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6ca1\u6709\u975e\u529f\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u7269\uff0c\u4f46\u6d41\u7545\u800c\u660e\u5feb\u7684\u7ebf\u6761\u4f7f\u5efa\u7b51\u663e\u5f97\u6709\u73b0\u4ee3\u65f6\u5c1a\u6c14\u606f\uff1b\u5728\u4e03\u5c42\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff0c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e08\u7740\u610f\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u5efa\u7b51\u56fe\u6848\uff0c\u5728\u9876\u5c42\u7684\u4e2d\u8f74\u7ebf\u4e0a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u591a\u6839\u67f1\u5b50\u652f\u6491\u7684\u591a\u5c42\u5854\u5f0f\u4ead\uff0c\u9876\u90e8\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u91d1\u78a7\u8f89\u714c\u7684\u534a\u5706\u7403\uff0c\u4f7f\u5b83\u6210\u4e3a\u5efa\u7b51\u7684\u4eae\u70b9\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4e5f\u4f7f\u6574\u5e62\u5efa\u7b51\u201c\u6d3b\u201d\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u4e00\u5219\u534e\u5b89\u5408\u7fa4\u4fdd\u5bff\u5728\u62a5\u520a\u7684\u5e7f\u544a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7aa5\u4e00\u6591\u800c\u77e5\u5168\u8c79\uff1a\u201c\u63d0\u5021\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u6c11\u56fd\u5143\u5e74\u5f00\u529e\uff0c\u519c\u5546\u90e8\u6ce8\u518c\u8425\u4e1a\uff0c\u7eaf\u7cb9\u534e\u5546\u8d44\u672c\u4e4b\u4eba\u5bff\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u3002\u5f00\u529e\u5341\u5e74\u4e4b\u7ee9\uff0c\u529e\u4e00\u4f59\u6210\u3002\u8d44\u672c\u5b9a\u989d\u89c4\u94f6\u58f9\u767e\u4e07\u4e24\uff0c\u516c\u79ef\u8d44\u4ea7\u89c4\u94f6\u58f9\u767e\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u4e07\u4f59\u4e24\uff0c\u6709\u6548\u4fdd\u5bff\u603b\u989d\u89c4\u94f6\u4e00\u5343\u96f6\u4e09\u5341\u56db\u4e07\u4f59\u4e24\u3002\u6bcf\u5e74\u53ef\u6536\u4fdd\u8d39\u89c4\u94f6\u4e03\u5341\u4e94\u4e07\u4f59\u4e24\uff0c\u5df2\u4ed8\u8d54\u6b3e\u89c4\u94f6\u4e5d\u5341\u4e07\u4f59\u4e24\uff0c\u5df2\u4ed8\u5341\u5e74\u671f\u6ee1\u5bff\u91d1\u53ca\u7ea2\u5229\u4e5d\u4e07\u4f59\u4e24\u3002\u540d\u8a89\u8463\u4e8b\u957f\uff1a\u9ece\u5143\u6d2a\u3001\u9f50\u5143\uff1b\u8463\u4e8b\u957f\uff1a\u6731\u4f69\u73cd\uff1b\u603b\u7ecf\u7406\uff1a\u5415\u5cb3\u6cc9\uff1b\u603b\u53f8\u7406\uff1a\u90c1\u8d50\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

1937\u5e74\uff0c\u6297\u65e5\u6218\u4e89\u5168\u9762\u7206\u53d1\u540e\uff0c\u534e\u5b89\u5408\u4f17\u4eba\u5bff\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u627f\u62c5\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u201c\u610f\u5916\u4f24\u5bb3\u201d\u8d54\u507f\u4e0d\u65ad\u6500\u5347\uff0c\u5f88\u5feb\u5230\u4e86\u5165\u4e0d\u6577\u51fa\u3001\u6fd2\u4e34\u5012\u95ed\u7684\u56f0\u5883\u30021939\u5e74\uff0c\u78b0\u5de7\u6709\u4e00\u9999\u6e2f\u516c\u53f8\u8ba1\u5212\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u5f00\u8bbe\u996d\u5e97\uff0c\u534e\u5b89\u5373\u4e0e\u5176\u7b7e\u7ea6\uff0c\u5c06\u5927\u697c\u7684\u4e09\u5c42\u81f3\u4e03\u5c42\u79df\u7ed9\u9999\u6e2f\u516c\u53f8\u5f00\u8bbe\u201c\u91d1\u95e8\u996d\u5e97\u201d\uff0c\u5408\u540c\u671f\u4e3a15\u5e74\uff0c\u4ee5\u5ba2\u623f\u6536\u5165\u768430%\u5145\u62b5\u79df\u91d1\u3002
\n\u89e3\u653e\u540e\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u6536\u8d2d\u4e86\u534e\u5b89\u5408\u4f17\u4eba\u5bff\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u534e\u5b89\u5927\u697c\u4e00\u5ea6\u7531\u4e0a\u6d77\u7eba\u7ec7\u7ba1\u7406\u5c40\u79df\u7528\uff0c1958\u5e74\u6539\u540d\u4e3a\u534e\u4fa8\u996d\u5e97\uff0c1992\u5e74\u53c8\u6062\u590d\u4e3a\u91d1\u95e8\u996d\u5e97\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u201c\u91d1\u95e8\u5927\u9152\u5e97\u201d\u7684\u62db\u724c\u6302\u5728\u534e\u5b89\u5927\u697c\u4e0a\uff0c\u91d1\u707f\u707f\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u611f\u89c9\u548c\u4e0d\u51e1\u7684\u6c14\u52bf\u4f9d\u7136\u5982\u521d\u3002\u9014\u7ecf\u5927\u697c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f9d\u7136\u80fd\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u5b83\u6563\u53d1\u51fa\u7684\u50b2\u9aa8\u5d99\u5d99\u4e4b\u6c14\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53cb\u90a6\u4fdd\u9669\u5927\u53a6<\/strong><\/p>\n

$\"\"$ \u53cb\u90a6\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u7531\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u53f2\u5e26\uff08Starr\uff09\u521b\u7acb\u3002\u53cb\u90a6\u4fdd\u9669\u5927\u53a6\uff08\u65e7\u79f0\u201c\u5b57\u6797\u5927\u697c\u201d\uff0c\u65b0\u4e2d\u56fd\u6210\u7acb\u540e\u6539\u79f0\u201c\u6842\u6797\u5927\u697c\u201d\uff09\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4e0a\u6d77\u5916\u6ee917\u53f7\uff08\u4eca\u4e2d\u5c71\u4e1c\u4e00\u8def17\u53f7\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5b57\u6797\u5927\u697c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4e0a\u6d77\u5916\u6ee917\u53f7\uff0c\u5efa\u4e8e1921\u5e74\uff0c\u7531\u5fb7\u548c\u6d0b\u884c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002\u5927\u697c\u603b\u9ad810\u5c42\uff0c\u4e09\u6bb5\u5f0f\u7acb\u9762\u3002\u5efa\u7b51\u9762\u79ef9043\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u5360\u57301043\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u3002\u5e95\u5c42\u7acb\u9762\u7528\u62c9\u6bdb\u82b1\u5c97\u77f3\u4f5c\u8d34\u9762\uff0c\u6b63\u5927\u95e8\u4e24\u4fa7\u5404\u6709\u4e00\u6247\u843d\u5730\u7684\u7f57\u9a6c\u62f1\u5238\u957f\u7a97\uff1b\u4e2d\u90e8\u7acb\u97623\u81f37\u5c42\uff0c\u5efa\u7b51\u5916\u89c2\u91c7\u7528\u8fd1\u73b0\u4ee3\u6d3e\u7b80\u6d01\u660e\u5feb\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u624b\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u9970\u4ee5\u53e4\u5178\u67f1\u5f0f\u548c\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u6d6e\u96d5\uff0c\u4f7f\u5355\u8c03\u7684\u5e73\u9762\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u6d3b\u6cfc\u7684\u6c14\u606f\uff1b\u4e0a\u6bb5\u7acb\u9762\uff0c\u4e24\u4fa7\u4e3a\u5238\u5f0f\u7a97\u6d1e\uff0c\u4e2d\u95f4\u6811\u4ee5\u53cc\u67f1\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u5185\u9633\u53f0\u3002\u5c4b\u6a90\u4e0b\u539f\u67098\u4e2a\u88f8\u4f53\u4eba\u7269\u96d5\u5851\uff0c\u540e\u88ab\u6c34\u6ce5\u5c01\u62b9\u3002\u9876\u90e8\u7684\u5357\u5317\u4e24\u4fa7\u5efa\u6709\u5854\u697c\u3002\u5b57\u6797\u5927\u697c\u662f\u8fd1\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u4e49\u98ce\u683c\u548c\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u4e3b\u4e49\u98ce\u683c\u7ed3\u5408\u8f83\u6210\u529f\u7684\u4e00\u5e62\u5efa\u7b51\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u5e62\u5927\u697c\u4e8e1923\u5e746\u6708\u5b8c\u5de5\uff0c1924\u5e742\u670816\u65e5\u4e3e\u884c\u7ae3\u5de5\u5178\u793c\u3002\u5efa\u6210\u540e\uff0c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7531\u62a5\u793e\u81ea\u7528\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u51fa\u79df\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u627f\u79df\u4eba\u662f\u5904\u4e8e\u521b\u4e1a\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u7f8e\u8d44\u53cb\u90a6\u4eba\u5bff\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u3002<\/p>\n

1951\u5e743\u670831\u65e5\uff0c\u5b57\u6797\u897f\u62a5\u505c\u520a\uff0c\u5927\u697c\u88ab\u63a5\u7ba1\u30021957\u5e74\u79df\u7ed9\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e1d\u7ef8\u516c\u53f8\u4e0a\u6d77\u5206\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u9999\u6e2f\u4e2d\u56fd\u65c5\u884c\u793e\u9a7b\u6caa\u529e\u4e8b\u5904\u7b49\u5355\u4f4d\u30021996\u5e74\uff0c\u53cb\u90a6\u4eba\u5bff\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u91cd\u8fd4\u8fd9\u5ea7\u5927\u697c\uff0c\u5b9a\u540d\u4e3a\u53cb\u90a6\u5927\u53a6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u300a\u5b57\u6797\u897f\u62a5\u300b\u7684\u524d\u8eab\u662f\u82f1\u6587\u62a5\u7eb8\u300a\u5317\u534e\u6377\u62a5\u300b\uff0c\u7531\u82f1\u56fd\u4fa8\u6c11\u595a\u5c14\u95e8\u521b\u520a\u4e8e1850\u5e748\u670830\u65e5\uff0c\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5883\u5185\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efd\u65b0\u95fb\u62a5\u7eb8\u3002\u6700\u521d\u4e3a\u5468\u520a\uff0c\u5370\u53d1\u6570\u4ec5100\u4efd\u3002\u5185\u5bb9\u6709\u82f1\u56fd\u5feb\u8baf\u3001\u4e0a\u6d77\u82f1\u4fa8\u52a8\u6001\u3001\u4e2d\u5916\u5546\u52a1\u60c5\u62a5\u3001\u5e7f\u544a\u53ca\u8239\u671f\u516c\u544a\u7b49\u30021864\u5e746\u67081\u65e5\uff0c\u5b57\u6797\u6d0b\u884c\u5c06\u539f\u6765\u300a\u5317\u534e\u6377\u62a5\u300b\u7684\u526f\u520a\u300a\u8239\u52a1\u5546\u4e1a\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\u6539\u4e3a\u300a\u5b57\u6797\u897f\u62a5\u300b\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e4b\u66f4\u50cf\u4e00\u4efd\u5546\u4e1a\u6027\u62a5\u7eb8\uff0c\u800c\u539f\u6765\u7684\u300a\u5317\u534e\u6377\u62a5\u300b\u53cd\u800c\u6210\u4e86\u300a\u5b57\u6797\u897f\u62a5\u300b\u7684\u526f\u520a\uff0c\u504f\u91cd\u4e8e\u65f6\u4e8b\u653f\u6cbb\u3002\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u300a\u5b57\u6797\u897f\u62a5\u300b\u793e\u8bbe\u5728\u82b1\u56ed\u5f04\uff0c\u540e\u8fc1\u6c49\u53e3\u8def\uff0c\u518d\u81f3\u4e5d\u6c5f\u8def\u30021901\u5e74\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u5927\u5730\u4ea7\u5546\u9a6c\u7acb\u65af\u4ee5\u5916\u6ee917\u53f7\u5730\u5757\u4e3a\u8d44\u672c\u5165\u80a1\u300a\u5b57\u6797\u897f\u62a5\u300b\u793e\uff0c\u6298\u6210\u80a1\u4efd\u5360\u62a5\u793e\u5168\u90e8\u80a1\u4efd\u768447%\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u62c5\u4efb\u4e86\u62e5\u6709\u7ba1\u7406\u6743\u7684\u8463\u4e8b\u957f\uff0c\u5168\u9762\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u62a5\u793e\u3002\u7ecf\u4ed6\u4e00\u756a\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u62a5\u7eb8\u4e0e\u5de5\u90e8\u5c40\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u66f4\u4e3a\u5bc6\u5207\u3002\u5927\u5230\u5de5\u90e8\u5c40\u516c\u544a\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u9886\u4e8b\u9986\u901a\u544a\uff0c\u5c0f\u5230\u5916\u5546\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u9057\u5931\u58f0\u660e\uff0c\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u8be5\u62a5\u4e0a\u520a\u767b\u624d\u7b97\u751f\u6548\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u300a\u5b57\u6797\u897f\u62a5\u300b\u529e\u5f97\u8fd8\u7b97\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6548\u76ca\u4e5f\u4e0d\u65ad\u63d0\u5347\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u5c31\u6709\u4e86\u5efa\u9020\u62a5\u793e\u5927\u697c\u7684\u6253\u7b97\u3002\u5927\u697c\u5efa\u6210\u540e\uff0c\u300a\u5b57\u6797\u897f\u62a5\u300b\u793e\u53ea\u75281\u30015\u30016\u5c42\uff0c\u5176\u4f59\u90fd\u79df\u7ed9\u51e0\u5bb6\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5ba2\u6237\u5c31\u662f\u53d1\u7aef\u4e8e\u4e0a\u6d77\u7684\u53cb\u90a6\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u3002\u7f8e\u4e9a\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u56db\u6d77\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u6cd5\u7f8e\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u7b49\u4e0d\u5c11\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u4e5f\u66fe\u7ecf\u5728\u8be5\u5e62\u697c\u79df\u7528\u8fc7\u5730\u65b9\u3002
\n\u56de\u8fc7\u5934\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u518d\u4ecb\u7ecd\u53f2\u5e26\u548c\u683c\u6797\u4f2f\u683c\u30021918\u5e74\uff0c\u5e74\u4ec526\u5c81\u7684\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5c0f\u4f19\u53f2\u5e26\uff08Cornelius Vander Starr\uff09\u539f\u672c\u5fd7\u5728\u53c2\u519b\uff0c\u5374\u6ca1\u80fd\u8d76\u4e0a\u201c\u4e00\u6218\u201d\u98ce\u4e91\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u6ee1\u8db3\u81ea\u5df1\u65fa\u76db\u7684\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u4e0e\u5192\u9669\u6b32\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u90ae\u8f6e\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u804c\u5458\u6765\u5230\u4e86\u65e5\u672c\u6a2a\u6ee8\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u63a2\u7d22\u4ed6\u5fc3\u76ee\u4e2d\u964c\u751f\u7684\u4e1c\u4e9a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u542c\u8bf4\u4e0a\u6d77\u624d\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u8fdc\u4e1c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u8d38\u6613\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u7e41\u534e\u90fd\u5e02\u7684\u4f20\u95fb\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e49\u65e0\u53cd\u987e\u5730\u8f9e\u53bb\u90ae\u8f6e\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6000\u63e3300\u65e5\u5143\u53ea\u8eab\u524d\u5f80\u4f20\u8bf4\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u5192\u9669\u5bb6\u4e50\u56ed\u201d\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u95ef\u8361\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8d77\u521d\uff0c\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u53f2\u5e26\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u5f00\u4e86\u4e00\u5bb6\u4fdd\u9669\u4ee3\u7406\u516c\u53f8\u2014\u2014\u7f8e\u4e9a\uff08American Asiatic\uff09\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5916\u4f01\u4e1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u6c34\u706b\u707e\u5bb3\u4fdd\u9669\u670d\u52a1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u65e5\u540e\u53cb\u90a6\u4fdd\u9669\u53ca\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u9645\u96c6\u56e2\u7684\u8087\u59cb\uff0c\u62c9\u5f00\u4e86\u5176\u767e\u5e74\u4fdd\u9669\u4e8b\u4e1a\u7684\u5e8f\u5e55\u3002
\n\u4e0e\u56fa\u6267\u3001\u50b2\u6162\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u53f2\u5e26\u7684\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u5e76\u4e0d\u6392\u65a5\u4e2d\u56fd\u96c7\u5458\uff0c\u4ed6\u7aed\u529b\u63a8\u52a8\u201c\u672c\u571f\u5316\u201d\u3002\u5176\u804c\u5458\u5927\u591a\u90fd\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4f1a\u5728\u7ba1\u7406\u5c42\u4e43\u81f3\u8463\u4e8b\u4f1a\u4e2d\u4e3b\u52a8\u5438\u7eb3\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u3002\u51ed\u501f\u826f\u597d\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u4fe1\u8a89\u548c\u53e3\u7891\uff0c\u53f2\u5e26\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e43\u81f3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4fdd\u9669\u4e8b\u4e1a\u8d8a\u505a\u8d8a\u5927\u3002\u5230\u4e8620\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u53f2\u5e26\u7684\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u5360\u636e\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd30%\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u4fdd\u9669\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u4ed6\u751a\u81f3\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86\u201c\u8fdc\u4e1c\u4fdd\u9669\u738b\u201d\u7684\u79f0\u53f7\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6297\u6218\u7206\u53d1\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u624d\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u5c06\u516c\u53f8\u603b\u90e8\u8fc1\u5f80\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u62c9\u7f8e\u5f00\u62d3\u4e1a\u52a1\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u7f14\u9020\u4e86\u4ee5\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u9645\u96c6\u56e2\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u65b0\u4fdd\u9669\u5e1d\u56fd\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53f2\u5e26\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684AIA\u7684\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u3002\u5e76\u57281967\u5e74\u4f20\u4f4d\u7ed9\u4e8c\u6218\u8001\u5175\u683c\u6797\u4f2f\u683c\u3002\u5f531992\u5e74\u53cb\u90a6\u83b7\u51c6\u91cd\u65b0\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u5f00\u4e1a\u65f6\uff0c\u683c\u6797\u4f2f\u683c\u53c8\u56de\u5230\u4e86\u521b\u4e1a\u5730\u2014\u2014\u5916\u6ee9\u4e2d\u5c71\u4e1c\u4e00\u8def17\u53f7\u5927\u697c\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u91cc\u9762\u5199\u4e86\u4e09\u4e2a\u6c49\u5b57\u201c\u56de\u8001\u5bb6\u201d\uff0c\u5927\u6709\u8863\u9526\u8fd8\u4e61\u7684\u5174\u594b\u4e0e\u6ee1\u8db3\u3002<\/p>\n

\u626c\u5b50\u4fdd\u9669\u5927\u53a6<\/strong><\/p>\n

$\"\"$ \u626c\u5b50\u4fdd\u9669\u5927\u53a6\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5916\u6ee926\u53f7\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u5e62\u5c0f\u5de7\u7684\u4e03\u5c42\u94a2\u7b4b\u6df7\u51dd\u571f\u7b51\uff0c\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u5916\u6ee9\u5efa\u7b51\u7fa4\u4e2d\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e73\u6de1\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u590d\u53e4\u7684\u4e09\u6bb5\u5f0f\u9020\u578b\uff0c\u6b63\u9762\u6709\u9192\u76ee\u7684\u7231\u5965\u5c3c\u514b\u7acb\u67f1\u6491\u8d77\u4e2d\u90e8\u697c\u4f53\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0a\u90e8\u7684\u4e24\u5c42\u7565\u663e\u5446\u6ede\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ece\u5efa\u7b51\u7f8e\u6001\u4e0a\u611f\u89c9\u900a\u4eba\u4e00\u7b79\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u7684\u540d\u5934\u4e0d\u5c0f\uff0c\u66fe\u662f\u8001\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u516c\u8ba4\u7684\u6700\u5927\u7684\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u2014\u2014\u626c\u5b50\u4fdd\u9669\u6295\u8d44\u516c\u53f8\u6240\u5728\u5730\u3002<\/p>\n

\u626c\u5b50\u4fdd\u9669\u6295\u8d44\u516c\u53f8\uff08Yangtsze Insurance Association)\u662f\u5916\u8d44\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u521b\u529e\u8f83\u65e9\u7684\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u7531\u65d7\u660c\u6d0b\u884c( Russell & Co.)\u4e3b\u8981\u8463\u4e8b\u91d1\u80fd\u4ea8( Edward Cunningham)\u7b49\u96c6\u8d44\u521b\u529e\u4e8e1862\u5e746\u6708\u3002<\/p>\n

\u65d7\u660c\u6d0b\u884c\u662f\u7f8e\u5546\u8fdb\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u6d0b\u884c\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u7531\u7f8e\u56fd\u5546\u4eba\u6c99\u58a8\u5c14\u00b7\u7f57\u585e\u5c14( SamuI Russell\uff091818\u5e74\u521b\u529e\u4e8e\u5e7f\u5dde\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u4ece\u4e8b\u9e26\u7247\u8d38\u6613\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5e7f\u5dde\u662f\u901a\u5546\u53e3\u5cb8\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u5916\u56fd\u5546\u4eba\u8fdb\u5165\u5e7f\u5dde\u8d38\u6613\uff0c\u800c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5f53\u65f6\u5bf9\u5916\u8d38\u6613\u6743\u64cd\u7eb5\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u5728\u201c\u5341\u4e09\u884c\u201d\u624b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5bf9\u5916\u8d38\u6613\u901a\u8fc7\u8be5\u884c\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u5916\u56fd\u5bf9\u534e\u8d38\u6613\u4e5f\u987b\u901a\u8fc7\u8be5\u884c\u65b9\u80fd\u5f00\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n

1824\u5e74\uff0c\u7f57\u585e\u5c14\u5438\u6536\u201c\u5341\u4e09\u884c\u201d\u6210\u5458\u5165\u80a1\uff0c\u5e76\u53d6\u540d\u201c\u65d7\u660c\u6d0b\u884c\u201d\u3002\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u65d7\u660c\u6d0b\u884c\u5c06\u603b\u884c\u8bbe\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\uff0c\u5728\u5e7f\u5dde\u3001\u4e0a\u6d77\u3001\u798f\u5dde\u3001\u6c49\u53e3\u3001\u5929\u6d25\u3001\u4e5d\u6c5f\u7b49\u901a\u5546\u53e3\u5cb8\u8bbe\u7acb\u5206\u53f7\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u662f\u8be5\u6d0b\u884c\u5728\u5927\u9646\u7684\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u5206\u53f7\u3002
\n1862\u5e74\uff0c\u8be5\u6d0b\u884c\u96c6\u8d44\u521b\u529e\u4e86\u4e0a\u6d77\u8f6e\u8239\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u5f00\u901a\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd1\u6d77\u53ca\u957f\u6c5f\u822a\u8fd0\uff0c1867\u20141872\u5e74\u95f4\u5784\u65ad\u4e86\u957f\u6c5f\u822a\u8fd0\u300219\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u65d7\u660c\u6d0b\u884c\u7684\u7ecf\u8425\u5931\u5229\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u8f6e\u8239\u516c\u53f8\u5206\u6279\u88ab\u8f6e\u8239\u62db\u5546\u5c40\u6536\u4e70\uff0c1891\u5e74\u5ba3\u544a\u6e05\u7406\uff0c\u7ed3\u675f\u4e86\u65d7\u660c\u6d0b\u884c\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3002<\/p>\n

\u626c\u5b50\u4fdd\u9669\u6295\u8d44\u516c\u53f8\u4e0e\u4e0a\u6d77\u8f6e\u8239\u516c\u53f8\u540c\u5e74\u521b\u529e\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u4fdd\u9669\u4e1a\u662f\u8d5a\u94b1\u7684\u884c\u5f53\uff0c\u65d7\u660c\u6d0b\u884c\u4e0d\u613f\u5c06\u5de8\u989d\u7684\u4fdd\u9669\u91d1\u6d41\u5165\u65c1\u4eba\u4e4b\u624b\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u65d7\u660c\u6d0b\u884c\u80a1\u4e1c\u91d1\u80fd\u4ea8\u5728\u80a1\u4e1c\u4e2d\u53e6\u884c\u96c6\u8d44\u5efa\u7acb\u626c\u5b50\u4fdd\u9669\u6295\u8d44\u516c\u53f8\u3002\u6ce8\u518c\u8d44\u672c40\u4e07\u4e24\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u96c6\u8d44200\u80a1\uff0c\u6bcf\u80a1\u4e00\u5343\u4e24\uff0c\u5171\u4e8c\u5341\u4e07\u4e24\uff0c\u540c\u5e74\u8d2d\u8fdb\u5916\u6ee926\u53f7\u5730\u5757\u6b63\u5f0f\u5f00\u4e1a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u626c\u5b50\u4fdd\u9669\u6295\u8d44\u516c\u53f8\u540d\u4e49\u4e0a\u662f\u7531\u65d7\u660c\u6d0b\u884c\u7ecf\u8425\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u81ea\u8d1f\u76c8\u4e8f\uff0c\u4e0e\u65d7\u660c\u6d0b\u884c\u5e76\u65e0\u592a\u5927\u5173\u7cfb\u30021891\u5e74\u65d7\u660c\u6d0b\u884c\u5012\u95ed\u540e\uff0c\u5b83\u66f4\u6210\u4e3a\u540d\u526f\u5176\u5b9e\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u6cd5\u4eba\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e3a\u603b\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5176\u4ed6\u57ce\u5e02\u53ca\u65e5\u672c\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u3001\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u7b49\u56fd\u57ce\u5e02\u8bbe\u6709\u5206\u53f770\u4f59\u5904\u3002\u636e1930\u5e74\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u8be5\u516c\u53f8\u6838\u5b9a\u8d44\u672c200\u4e07\u4e24\uff0c\u5b9e\u6536150\u4e07\u4e24\uff0c\u8d44\u4ea7\u603b\u503c\u8fbe1570\u4e07\u4e24\uff0c\u516c\u79ef\u91d1252\u4e07\u4e24\uff0c\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u4fdd\u9669\u4e1a\u4e2d\u540d\u5217\u524d\u8305\u3002<\/p>\n

\u626c\u5b50\u4fdd\u9669\u6295\u8d44\u516c\u53f8\u8fd8\u79ef\u6781\u6295\u8d44\u4e0a\u6d77\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u4e1a\uff0c1916\u5e74\u65f6\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u76d1\u7406\u4f1a\u8ba1\u5212\u6269\u5927\u4e2d\u897f\u5973\u6821\uff0c\u62df\u5b9a\u8d2d\u8fdb\u4e00\u4f4d\u6bb7\u59d3\u8005\u5728\u5fc6\u5b9a\u76d8\u8def(\u4eca\u6c5f\u82cf\u8def)\u7684\u8fd160\u4ea9\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u8ba1\u5212\u5efa\u65b0\u6821\u820d\u3002\u4f46\u6559\u4f1a\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4eca\u6c49\u53e3\u8def\u3001\u4e91\u5357\u8def\u7684\u4e00\u5757\u571f\u5730\u5356\u7ed9\u626c\u5b50\u4fdd\u9669\u6295\u8d44\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u7528\u6240\u5f97\u4e4b\u6b3e\u8d2d\u8fdb\u5fc6\u5b9a\u76d8\u8def\u7684\u571f\u5730\u3002\u626c\u5b50\u4fdd\u9669\u6295\u8d44\u516c\u53f8\u5373\u5728\u6240\u8d2d\u5730\u5757\u4e0a\u5174\u5efa\u4e86\u626c\u5b50\u5927\u697c\u3002\u626c\u5b50\u5927\u697c\u5efa\u4e8e1916\u5e74\uff0c\u7531\u516c\u548c\u6d0b\u884c\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u5468\u745e\u8bb0\u8425\u9020\u5382\u627f\u5efa\uff0c\u5360\u5730\u7ea6700\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u5efa\u7b51\u9762\u79ef5657\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u4e03\u5c42\u94a2\u7b4b\u6df7\u51dd\u571f\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4e3a\u4eff\u53e4\u5178\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u5efa\u7b51\u3002
\n\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u4e00\u52191918\u5e745\u67081\u65e5\u300a\u7533\u62a5\u300b\u520a\u767b\u201c\u626c\u5b50\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u8fc1\u79fb\u65b0\u5c4b\u5e7f\u544a\u201d:\u201c\u626c\u5b50\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u521b\u8bbe\u4e8e1862\u5e74\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u603b\u4e8b\u52a1\u6240\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7535\u62a5\u5c40\u5bf9\u95e8\uff0c\u89c4\u6a21\u72ed\u9698\u53ea\u6577\u529e\u516c\uff0c\u55e3\u540e\u8425\u4e1a\u6269\u5145\uff0c\u9010\u5e74\u53d1\u8fbe\uff0c\u4e8e1916\u5e74\u5174\u9020\u6b64\u623f\u5c4b\u8ba1\u81f3\u4eca\u65e5\u843d\u6210\uff0c\u5efa\u9020\u4e4b\u7cbe\u826f\uff0c\u88c5\u9970\u4e4b\u534e\u4e3d\uff0c\u4e0d\u60dc\u5de5\u672c\uff0c\u715e\u8d39\u7ecf\u8425\u800c\u5d07\u53e3\u7ed3\u6768\uff0c\u9ad8\u77d7\u4e91\u9704\uff0c\u72b9\u5176\u4f59\u4e8b\u6b64\u7686\u603b\u7ecf\u7406\u4e7e\u514b\u751f\u541b\u4e4b\u529b\uff0c\u4e0e\u8bf8\u8463\u4e8b\u76f8\u52a9\u4e3a\u7406\uff0c\u8be5\u516c\u53f8\u6240\u4ee5\u6709\u4eca\u65e5\uff0c\u4e5f\u9119\u4eba\u5fdd\u4e3a\u534e\u7ecf\u7406\uff0c\u5179\u655d\u5e10\u623f\u4e8e\u56db\u6708\u5ff5\u4e5d\u53f7\u968f\u540c\u8fc1\u9ec4\u6d66\u6ee9\u5ff5\u516d\u53f7\u65b0\u5c4b\u7b2c\u4e09\u5c42\u3002\u5018\u8499\u5404\u754c\u60e0\u987e\uff0c\u4fdd\u8d39\u683c\u5916\u514b\u5df1\uff0c\u65e0\u4efb\u6b22\u8fce\u3002\u795d\u5170\u822b\u542f\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

1931\u5e74\u4e5d\u4e00\u516b\u4e8b\u53d8\u540e\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c40\u52bf\u5904\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f83\u957f\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u72b6\u51b5\uff0c\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u5df2\u4f30\u8ba1\u5230\uff0c\u65e5\u5bc7\u53d1\u52a8\u7684\u4fb5\u7565\u6218\u4e89\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6297\u6218\u5fc5\u5c06\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c11\u5728\u534e\u7684\u5916\u8d44\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u5f00\u59cb\u6536\u7f29\u5728\u534e\u4e1a\u52a1\uff0c\u8ba1\u5212\u51c6\u5907\u64a4\u79bb\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002\u636e\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u81ea1937\u5e74\u6297\u65e5\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\u540e\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5916\u8d44\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u64a4\u79bb\u4e0a\u6d77\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u6709\u626c\u5b50\u4fdd\u9669\u6295\u8d44\u516c\u53f8\u4ecd\u575a\u6301\u5728\u5f00\u5c55\u4e1a\u52a1\uff0c\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u626c\u5b50\u4fdd\u9669\u6295\u8d44\u516c\u53f8\u4e5f\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u5fc3\u76ee\u4e2d\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u6700\u5927\u7684\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u3002
\n\u626c\u5b50\u4fdd\u9669\u6295\u8d44\u516c\u53f8\u5927\u697c\u5efa\u6210\u540e\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u516c\u53f8\u81ea\u7528\u90e8\u5206\u5916\uff0c\u5176\u4f59\u5927\u591a\u7531\u5176\u4ed6\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u79df\u7528\uff0c\u5982\u82f1\u5546\u4fdd\u4e2d\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u4fdd\u5b89\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u4fdd\u5bb6\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u6c34\u706b\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u8bbe\u5728\u8be5\u5927\u697c\u5185\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e4b\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u540d\u526f\u5176\u5b9e\u7684\u4fdd\u9669\u5927\u697c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u626c\u5b50\u5927\u697c\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u4eba\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u519c\u4e1a\u94f6\u884c\u4e0a\u6d77\u5206\u884c\u529e\u4e8b\u5904\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6c38\u5e74\u5927\u697c<\/strong><\/p>\n

$\"\"$ \u6c38\u5e74\u5927\u697c\u662f\u539f\u82f1\u5546\u6c38\u5e74\u4eba\u5bff\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8( China Mutual Life Co\uff0cLtdInsurance)\u81ea\u5efa\u7684\u5927\u697c\u3002\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4ee5\u540e\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u4fdd\u9669\u4e1a\u8fdb\u5165\u4e0a\u6d77\uff0c\u5e76\u9010\u6e10\u88ab\u56fd\u4eba\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u613f\u610f\u53c2\u52a0\u4eba\u5bff\u4fdd\u9669\u7684\u4eba\u4e5f\u9010\u6e10\u589e\u591a\u30021898\u5e74\uff0c\u539f\u82f1\u5546\u901a\u6d4e\u6d0b\u884c\u8001\u677f\u6c83\u8482(J.A Wattie)\u3001\u6c47\u5e7f\u516c\u53f8\u8463\u4e8b\u7f57\u65af(A.B.Ros)\u3001\u7965\u8302\u6d0b\u884c\u80a1\u4e1c\u4f2f\u57fa\u5c14(CR. Burkil)\u7b49\u4eba\u8054\u5408\u521b\u529e\u6c38\u5e74\u4eba\u5bff\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u6ce8\u518c\uff0c\u6838\u5b9a\u8d44\u672c50\u4e07\u4e24\uff0c\u5171\u5206500\u80a1\uff0c\u6bcf\u80a1100\u4e24\uff0c\u4f46\u5b9e\u6536\u53ea\u6709500\u80a1\uff0c\u51715\u4e07\u4e24\u3002\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u7ecf\u8425\u5341\u5206\u987a\u5229\uff0c\u4ec5\u5341\u5e74\u540e\u76841907\u5e74\uff0c\u516c\u53f8\u8d44\u4ea7\u5df2\u8fbe233\u4e07\u5143\uff0c\u6709\u6548\u4fdd\u9669\u989d\u8fbe\u5230\u4e09\u5343\u591a\u4e07\u5143\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u5f53\u65f6\u4e0a\u6d77\u8d44\u672c\u96c4\u539a\u7684\u4eba\u5bff\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u8be5\u516c\u53f8\u96c7\u7528\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u534e\u4eba\u5458\u5de5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u534e\u5458\u540e\u6765\u6210\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5bff\u4fdd\u9669\u7684\u9aa8\u5e72\u548c\u4e2d\u575a\uff0c\u521b\u529e\u534e\u5b89\u5408\u7fa4\u4eba\u5bff\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u5415\u5cb3\u6cc9\u5c31\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n

1910\u5e74\uff0c\u8be5\u516c\u53f8\u8d2d\u8fdb\u516c\u5171\u79df\u754c\u5e7f\u4e1c\u8def13\u53f7(\u4eca\u5e7f\u4e1c\u8def93\u53f7)\u5730\u5757\u81ea\u5efa\u516c\u53f8\u5927\u697c\uff0c\u8be5\u5927\u697c\u7531\u82f1\u5546\u901a\u548c\u6d0b\u884c\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u4e3a\u56db\u5c42\u7816\u77f3\u6df7\u5408\u7ed3\u6784\u5efa\u7b51\uff0c\u5efa\u7b51\u5360\u5730\u7ea61200\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u5efa\u7b51\u9762\u79ef3477\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u3002\u8be5\u5efa\u7b51\u5c5e\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u4e3b\u4e49\u98ce\u683c\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8be5\u5730\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5e7f\u4e1c\u8def\u548c\u56db\u5ddd\u8def\u8f6c\u89d2\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7e41\u534e\u8def\u6bb5\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e08\u4ee5\u4e24\u6761\u9a6c\u8def\u76f8\u4ea4\u7684\u8f6c\u89d2\u5904\u4e3a\u4e2d\u8f74\u7ebf\uff0c\u5927\u95e8\u5373\u5f00\u5728\u4e2d\u8f74\u7ebf\u4e0a\u3002\u5927\u95e8\u7684\u4e24\u4fa7\u95e8\u5eca\u4ee5\u88c5\u9970\u6548\u679c\u6781\u5f3a\u7684\u7231\u5965\u5c3c\u4e9a\u67f1\u5f0f\u652f\u6491\uff0c\u4e0a\u60ac\u4ee5\u5e73\u77f3\u95e8\u6963\uff0c\u4e0a\u7f6e\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u540d\uff1b\u4e8c\u5c42\u3001\u4e09\u5c42\u7684\u4e24\u4fa7\u4e5f\u4ee5\u7231\u5965\u5c3c\u4e9a\u67f1\u5f0f\u652f\u6491\uff0c\u4e8c\u5c42\u4e0e\u4e09\u5c42\u5404\u4ee5\u4e24\u6839\u77f3\u67f1\u4f5c\u58c1\u67f1\uff0c\u628a\u6bcf\u5c42\u5206\u9694\u51fa\u4e09\u6247\u7a97\u6237\uff0c\u5efa\u7b51\u7684\u7acb\u4f53\u6548\u679c\u9887\u4f73\uff1b\u56db\u5c42\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e3a\u9732\u53f0\uff0c\u4e2d\u8f74\u7ebf\u7684\u9876\u90e8\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5854\u5f0f\u9876\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u8be5\u9876\u65e9\u6bc1\uff0c\u4f7f\u539f\u5efa\u7b51\u7684\u5f62\u4f53\u6548\u679c\u53d7\u5230\u635f\u574f\u3002\u4e2d\u8f74\u7ebf\u7684\u4e24\u4fa7\u5f62\u6210\u5bf9\u79f0\uff0c\u5e95\u5c42\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e3a\u534a\u62f1\u957f\u7a97\uff0c\u6bcf\u5c42\u7684\u7a97\u67b6\u53c8\u4f7f\u7528\u5e15\u62c9\u8482\u5965\u7ec4\u5408\u7a97\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e8c\u5c42\u7a97\u6963\u53c8\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e3a\u5f27\u5f62\u548c\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u76f8\u95f4\u7684\u65ad\u6a90\u5f0f\u5c71\u82b1\u3002\u5efa\u7b51\u7684\u5916\u5899\u5168\u90e8\u7528\u65a9\u5e73\u82b1\u5c97\u77f3\u4f5c\u8d34\u9762\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5de5\u827a\u505a\u5f97\u8f83\u7ec6\uff0c\u5e38\u4f7f\u4eba\u8bef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u5e62\u77f3\u7ed3\u6784\u5efa\u7b51\u3002\u8fdb\u5165\u5927\u95e8\u540e\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9762\u79ef\u5e76\u4e0d\u7b97\u5927\u7684\u5385\u3002\u5385\u7684\u5730\u9762\u4e0e\u5899\u9762\u5747\u4ee5\u8fdb\u53e3\u7684\u610f\u5927\u5229\u5927\u7406\u77f3\u88c5\u4fee\uff0c\u5728\u5385\u7684\u5357\u4fa7\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6709\u88c5\u9970\u6548\u679c\u6781\u5f3a\u7684\u5927\u7406\u77f3\u67f1\uff0c\u5929\u82b1\u677f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6210\u7a79\u9876\uff0c\u4ee5\u91d1\u94c2\u8d34\u9762\u7684\u9a6c\u8d5b\u514b\u62fc\u51fa\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u8fde\u540c\u6a90\u53e3\u7684\u9a6c\u8d5b\u514b\u56fe\u6848\uff0c\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5385\u5802\u88c5\u4fee\u5f97\u91d1\u78a7\u8f89\u714c\uff0c\u4e00\u6d3e\u7965\u548c\u5409\u5e86\u6c14\u6c1b\uff1b\u5385\u5802\u671d\u5e7f\u4e1c\u8def\u548c\u56db\u5ddd\u8def\u7684\u957f\u7a97\u5219\u662f\u795e\u8bdd\u4e2d\u7684\u667a\u6167\u7b49\u5973\u795e\u7684\u5f69\u7ed8\u9576\u5d4c\u73bb\u7483\u753b\uff0c\u6237\u5916\u7684\u9633\u5149\u900f\u8fc7\u5f69\u7ed8\u73bb\u7483\u753b\uff0c\u5973\u795e\u7684\u753b\u9762\u6298\u900f\u51fa\u5c42\u5c42\u4eae\u5149\uff0c\u8fdb\u5165\u6237\u5185\u7684\u5149\u7ebf\u4e5f\u53d8\u5f97\u67d4\u548c\u53ef\u4eb2\uff0c\u6b64\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u88c5\u4fee\u5145\u5206\u4f53\u73b0\u51fa\u5efa\u7b51\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u5bb6\u5173\u6000\u4eba\u4eec\u751f\u547d\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u4eba\u5bff\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u4e00\u5219\u6c38\u5e74\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u62a5\u520a\u5e7f\u544a\u30021914\u5e743\u67083\u53f7\u300a\u7533\u62a5\u300b\u520a\u767b\u5e7f\u544a\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a\u201c\u6c38\u5e74\u4eba\u5bff\u4fdd\u9669\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u672c\u516c\u53f8\u4e3a\u82f1\u5546\u5bff\u9669\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u7279\u4eff\u9999\u6e2f\u65b0\u8ba2\u5f8b\u6cd5\u627f\u4fdd\u5404\u79cd\u5b9a\u671f\u7ec8\u8eab\u5bff\u9669\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b69\u7ae5\u50a8\u84c4\u7b49\u9669\uff0c\u4fdd\u536b\u666e\u53ca\uff0c\u8d39\u989d\u6700\u5ec9\u3002\u51e1\u5e74\u5728\u4e09\u5341\u8005\u4fdd\u94f6\u5343\u4e24\u3002\u5e73\u5747\u6bcf\u65e5\u53ea\u51fa\u94f6\u4e03\u5206\uff0c\u62c5\u4efb\u4fdd\u6b3e\u603b\u6570\u5728\u897f\u53861913\u5e743\u670831\u53f7\u5171\u6709\u94f6\u4e09\u5343\u4e8c\u767e\u516b\u5341\u4e03\u4e07\u4e03\u5343\u96f6\u5341\u4e24\uff0c\u5e74\u5185\u8fdb\u6b3e\u903e\u94f6\u4e8c\u767e\u4e5d\u5341\u4e07\u4e24\u3002\u603b\u516c\u53f8\u8bbe\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u5e7f\u4e1c\u8def10\u53f7\uff0c\u5206\u516c\u53f8\u904d\u8bbe\u4e9a\u6d32\u5404\u5927\u57e0\u3002\u4e0a\u6d77\u603b\u7ecf\u7406\u70c8\u58eb\u542f\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

1924\u5e74\uff0c\u6c38\u5e74\u4eba\u5bff\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u78b0\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u6869\u8d54\u7387\u6781\u9ad8\u7684\u6848\u5b50\uff0c\u7ecf\u8425\u5b9e\u5728\u65e0\u6cd5\u7ee7\u7eed\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u88ab\u4e00\u5bb6\u53eb\u505a\u6c38\u660e\u4eba\u5bff\u516c\u53f8( Sun Life Assurance Co.of Canada)\u6536\u8d2d\uff0c\u8be5\u697c\u5219\u5f52\u6c38\u660e\u4eba\u5bff\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n

1937\u5e74\uff0c\u6297\u65e5\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u534e\u7684\u5916\u8d44\u4fdd\u9669\u611f\u5230\u8fd9\u573a\u6218\u4e89\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8fdb\u884c\u591a\u5e74\uff0c\u6218\u4e89\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u707e\u96be\u5c06\u4f1a\u4f7f\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u9762\u4e34\u5de8\u989d\u8d54\u507f\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4fdd\u9669\u4e1a\u52a1\u4e0d\u5b9c\u518d\u5f00\u5c55\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u7eb7\u7eb7\u6536\u7f29\u4e1a\u52a1\uff0c\u76f8\u7ee7\u64a4\u79bb\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e62\u623f\u5b50\u4e00\u5ea6\u7a7a\u7f6e\uff0c\u5f531941\u5e74\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\u540e\uff0c\u5373\u88ab\u65e5\u519b\u5f3a\u5360\u3002<\/p>\n

1945\u5e74\u6297\u6218\u80dc\u5229\u540e\uff0c\u8be5\u697c\u5206\u522b\u88ab\u4e2d\u56fd\u8d38\u6613\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u5b81\u7ecd\u8f6e\u8239\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u4e09\u5317\u8f6e\u57e0\u516c\u53f8\u7b49\u5546\u4e8b\u673a\u6784\u79df\u7528\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u5728\u5927\u697c\u4e1c\u4fa7\u5e95\u5c42\u5916\u5899\u4e0a\u8fd8\u80fd\u89c1\u5230\u523b\u6709\u201c\u4e2d\u8d38\u201d\u7684\u5b57\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u5f53\u5e74\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u5370\u8ff9\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u8be5\u5927\u697c\u4e5f\u88ab\u4eba\u4eec\u53eb\u505a\u201c\u4e2d\u8d38\u5927\u697c\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4e09\u5317\u5927\u697c\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5b81\u7ecd\u516c\u53f8\u5927\u697c\u201d\u7b49\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u89e3\u653e\u540e\uff0c\u8be5\u5927\u697c\u5f52\u4e0a\u6d77\u5e02\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u90e8\u95e8\u63a5\u7ba1\uff0c\u540e\u957f\u671f\u5f52\u4e2d\u56fd\u949f\u5382\u4f7f\u7528\u30021996\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u7f6e\u6362\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u751f\u94f6\u884c\u7b49\u5355\u4f4d\u79df\u7528\u4e86\u8fd9\u5e62\u98ce\u97f5\u72b9\u5b58\u7684\u5927\u697c\u3002
\n $\"\"$
\n\u5c79\u7acb\u4e0a\u6d77\u6ee9\u7684\u51e0\u5e62\u4fdd\u9669\u5386\u53f2\u5efa\u7b51\uff0c\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u5c81\u6708\u98ce\u96ea\u96e8\u971c\u7684\u6d17\u793c\uff0c\u98ce\u8303\u4f9d\u65e7\u3002\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5fe0\u5b9e\u5730\u8bb0\u5f55\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u5c55\u793a\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u8f7d\u6258\u7075\u9b42\uff0c\u4e5f\u9ed8\u9ed8\u5730\u4f20\u627f\u7740\u4fdd\u9669\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u53d8\u9769\uff0c\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u4fdd\u9669\u8ffd\u68a6\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u575a\u5b9e\u7684\u6839\uff0c\u4e5f\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e6\u6478\u5230\u5c81\u6708\u7684\u5fc3\u8df3\uff01
\n\uff08\u4f5c\u8005\u7cfb\u4fdd\u9669\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u8005\uff09<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u5c79\u7acb\u4e0a\u6d77\u6ee9\u7684\u51e0\u5e62\u4fdd\u9669\u5386\u53f2\u5efa\u7b51\uff0c\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u5c81\u6708\u98ce\u96ea\u96e8\u971c\u7684\u6d17\u793c\uff0c\u98ce\u8303\u4f9d\u65e7\u3002\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5fe0\u5b9e\u5730\u8bb0\u5f55\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u5c55\u793a\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u8f7d\u6258\u7075\u9b42\uff0c\u4e5f\u9ed8\u9ed8\u5730\u4f20\u627f\u7740\u4fdd\u9669\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u53d8\u9769\uff0c\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u4fdd\u9669\u8ffd\u68a6\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u575a\u5b9e\u7684\u6839\uff0c\u4e5f\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e6\u6478\u5230\u5c81\u6708\u7684\u5fc3\u8df3\uff01 \u9648\u56fd\u5e86\/\u5c71\u897f \u5efa\u7b51\u662f\u6587\u5316\u7684\u79ef\u6dc0\uff0c\u51dd\u56fa\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u827a\u672f…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":8308,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8292","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/magazine.sinosafe.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8292"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/magazine.sinosafe.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/magazine.sinosafe.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magazine.sinosafe.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magazine.sinosafe.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8292"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/magazine.sinosafe.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8292\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8309,"href":"https:\/\/magazine.sinosafe.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8292\/revisions\/8309"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magazine.sinosafe.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/8308"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/magazine.sinosafe.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8292"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magazine.sinosafe.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8292"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magazine.sinosafe.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8292"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}